Volume 2, Issue 2 (2015)
Research Article
Effect of Citrus hystrix DC Leaves Ethanol Extract on Larvae of Aedes aegypti
M. M. Mya, Y. Y. Aye, A. W. Oo, and R.K. Saxena
Abstract: Vector Control Program is an important public health mission for the eradication of vector-borne disease. Aedes aegypti mosquito is a main vector for transmitting the viruses of dengue. Eradication of Aedes aegypti at larval habitat from the domestic environment is the only way to prevent dengue transmission. In present study Citrus hystrix (Kaffir lime) leaves ethanol extract was used for the elimination of larvae of Aedes aegypti. Larvicidal effects of Citrus extract in different dilutions on larvae of Aedes aegypti were monitored according to WHO Guidelines for Laboratory Testing of Mosquito. Results of study found that at 2.4%, 2.1%, 1.8%, 1.5% and 1.2% concentrations of Citrus hystrix leaves ethanol extract caused 99.5%, 85.5%, 62.5%, 26.5% and 2% mortality of Aedes larvae in 24 hrs. respectively. However 1.2% concentration showed almost negligible larvicidal effect. Result of study suggests that high concentrations of Citrus hystrix leaves ethanol extract can be used for the eradication of Aedes aegypti.
Research Article
Anthelmintic activity evaluation of 2-arylidene-4-(biphenyl-4-yl) but-3-en-4-olides
Asif Husain
Abstract: In vitro anthelmintic activity of a series of synthetic butenolides (1-7), 2-arylidene-4-(biphenyl-4-yl)but-3-en-4-olides, against two species of earth worms i.e. Pheretima posthuma and Perionyx excavatus was determined. The bioactivity was determined by noting the mean paralyzing and death times of the worms at concentration 2mg/mL. All the tested compounds showed moderate to good anthelmintic activity; two compounds, 1 and 5, were found to be potent against Perionyx excavatus and Pheretima posthuma, respectively. These butenolides exhibited significant anthelmintic activities against both types of worms and the results were comparable to that of the reference drug, Albendazole.
Research Article
Biolarvicidal Effectivities of Polar and Non-polar Extract Fraction from Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix) Leaf against 3rd Instar Larvae of Aedes aegypti
Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori, Aulia Puspita Supriyadi, Maria Veronika Kartjito, Fauziah Rizqi, Hebert Adrianto, Hamidah
Abstract: Indonesia is one of the largest countries in the dengue endemic region and ranked first in ASEAN by the highest number of cases in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). The use of chemical agents such as larvicides causes development of resistance, health, and environmental problem. Plant extracts with larvicidal activity from plants, which are easily available in large quantities and are safe for human needed to replace the chemical larvicides. The aim of this research was to obtain polar (methanol) and nonpolar (n-hexane) extract fraction from leaves of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) which are known to possess several insecticide and an effective biolarvicide. The experiment was designed as a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) for comparative analysis. Polar and non-polar extract fractions of C. hystrix were tested with concentrations of 500 ppm, 1375 ppm, 2250 ppm, 3125 ppm, and 4000 ppm against the 3 rd instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. The experiment was replicated five times. The number of mosquito larvae mortality was calculated after 24 hours of treatment. The dead larvae were counted and the data was analyzed using probit. The results show that non-polar extract fraction from C. hystrix is more toxic and is an effective biolarvicide with LC 90 = 2,885 ppm compared with polar extract fraction from C. hystrix which has an LC90 = 3,180 ppm.
Research Article
The effect of semen extender and storage time on the quality of spermatozoa collected from the excurrent duct of Philippine local chicken
David G. Antalan III, Flocerfida P. Aquino, Ma. Elizabeth DC. Leoveras, Lerma C. Ocampo, Eufrocina P. Atabay, and Angeles M. De Leon
Abstract: The study was conducted primarily to determine the effect of AU and Lake’s Low Temperature (LLT) extenders and to determine the effect of extended semen at 0 hour, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours storage times. Twelve roosters were used for the collection of spermatozoa from the excurrent duct (epididymis and vas deferens) of Philippine local chickens. During the time of semen storage, a decrease in the number of motile, live, morphologically normal spermatozoa and an increase in dead and abnormal spermatozoa were observed. The LLT extender was found to be a more suitable extender because the number of live spermatozoa did not decrease as much as in semen diluted with the AU extenders. In addition, the best time storage determined was between 0 hour to 24 hours on both extenders, however, results showed that microscopic evaluation at 24 hours to 48 hours in LLT extender had comparable semen quality.
Review Article
Treatment of Fracture: Associated with Bone Diseases
Vrish Dhwaj Ashwlayan
Abstract: Fractures occur particularly in osteoporotic people due to increased bone fragility, resulting in considerable reduction of quality of life, morbidity, and mortality. Stress fracture is quite painful and results from osteoporosis that disrupts normal bone calcifications. Osteoarthritis, a low bone mass disease with high risk of fracture is associated with the human ageing. In elder persons, debilitating skeletal muscle defect characterized by a loss of viable mass, and onset of a decrease in muscle strength and force generation can often lead to complete immobilization. Open fractures in which the broken ends of the bone pierce the skin and causes serious bleeding, pain, tenderness, crepitus, difficulty in moving and breathing, swelling, bruising, blue-grey tint on face skin and no rise and fall of chest movement are considered orthopedic emergencies. As prophylactic treatment, antibiotics should be given within 3 h of injury to reduce six-fold infection risk in open fracture. The first step of resuscitation methods is evaluation of the individual's airway, breathing and circulation. One method from among mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-nose, cardiopulmonary resuscitation or artificial ventilation is continued at 10 breaths per minute. The fundamental principles of fracture treatment are reduction of bone by closed manipulation, mechanical traction, open operation, immobilization by a plaster of Paris cast or other external splint, continuous traction, external and internal fixation, rehabilitation (preservation of function and pre-morbid occlusion). Maintenance of reduction will optimize the conditions for fracture union and minimize potential complications. Exercise to increase muscle and bone fitness can reverse the risk of disability and disease.
Research Article
Monte Carlo Simulation of Co-60 Teletherapy unit and validation of outcome with dosimetric data published in BJR 25
Ankit Kajaria, Lalit Mohan Aggarwal, Shiru Sharma, Neeraj Sharma
Abstract: Monte Carlo simulations of radiation treatment machine head provide practical means for obtaining energy spectra and angular distributions of photons and electrons. In present work BEAMnrc Monte Carlo code is used to simulate megavoltage photon beams produced by Theratron 780-E model radiotherapy unit and to calculate the percentage depth dose & energy spectra of photons and electrons for various field sizes. The unit is realistically modeled, including source capsule, housing and collimator assembly. The Spectrum data & percent depth dose data at SSD 80 cm obtain from the simulation where in close agreement with publish result of Mora et al and BJR 25. The calculated depth-dose curve in a water phantom irradiated by a narrow (5x5 cm2) and a broad (15x15 cm2) Co-60 beam is shown to agree with experimental data at the 4% to 3.5% level. Unlike previous calculations, the results accurately predict the effects of electron contamination on the surface. The variation of electron contamination with field size is also presented, as spectra for various field sizes. For on axis photon energy spectra up to 0.5 MeV energy photon fluence are not significantly different for varying field size. For on axis photon energy spectra above 1 MeV energy photon fluence increases significantly with increasing field size. The increase in photon fluence is due to increase in scatter photons fluence Which is 7% & 9% higher for10x10 cm2 & 15x15 cm2 field size then its value for the 5x5 cm2 field size. For on axis electron spectrum that electron fluence increases with increasing field size. Its value for 15x15 cm2 & 10x10 cm2 field size is 7 & 4 times greater than its value for the 5x5 cm2 field size. The percent depth dose data obtain from the simulation are having a deviation of 4% , 3% & 3.5% for 5x5 cm2,10x10 cm2 & 15x15 cm2 field size.