Volume 2, Issue 1 (2015)
Research Article
Quantum States of a Conscious Observer
Richard A Mould
Abstract: Since the 1920s, probability has been extensively and successfully attributed to the square modulus of a quantum mechanical wave function. However, this has led to questions as to the nature of reality in quantum mechanics. Ambiguity arises because the notion of probability is tied to observations of the system rather than to variables of the system. To remedy this, we give probability an objective meaning rather than its classical-subjective meaning, and we identify it with a system variable that can generate a wave collapse—independent of an outside observer. Specifically, the definition of probability is related to changes in square modulus rather than to square modulus; and in addition, it is directly and causally linked to wave collapse. Square modulus is given no physical importance in this treatment. The traditional Born definition of probability is of course useful, but it is regarded here as inimical to physical understanding. The proposed treatment allows conscious persons (or cats) to be included in a quantum mechanical system without paradox, and it has microscopic as well as macroscopic applicability. It resolves many of the puzzling characteristics of quantum mechanics that are implicit in the Born (Copenhagen) interpretation.
Research Article
SIFT and SURF Performance Evaluation for Pain Assessment using Facial Expressions
Sanjay Kumar Singh, and Sanjay Kumar Singh
Abstract: It is likely that research has only begun to scratch the surface of what might be learned from expressions' intensities. The occurrence and intensity of facial pain expression are both significant to what the face reveals. Although much progress has been made in respect to automatic detection of pain expression occurrence, controversy exists about better estimation of pain expression intensity. In this paper, we have compared two different methods for binary pain detection and pain intensity estimation using two large databases of spontaneous pain expressions i.e., McMaster-UNBC Pain Archive database and the selfprepared database. Scale invariant feature transforms (SIFT) and Speeded up robust feature (SURF) are used for feature extraction; (Linear Discriminant Analysis) LDA and (Principal Component Analysis) PCA were used for dimensionality reduction; and Support vector machine (SVM) are used for prediction. The result suggests that SURF outperformed SIFT on binary pain detection. This suggests that training on intensity ground truth is worthwhile even for binary pain detection. The experimental results indicate that using SURF along with SVM as classifier can certainly improve the performance of automatic classification of pain recognition system which will aid physicians in predicting the correct level of pain intensity and thus benefit in the correct diagnosis and treatment of pain patients.
Research Article
Designing Inhibitors against Hexokinase 1 and Hexokinase 2 domain mutations of GCK and studying its association in Diabetes
Ashish Kumar Rai, Rohit Raj Singh, and Nitu Pandey
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus, often simply referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. In this study we analyzed the involvement of Hexokinase 1 and 2 domain of GCK (Glucokinase). Hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose intoglucose-6-phosphate (G6P) providing enough activation energy for the glycolytic process to start. A variety of tools and search engines are used to arrive the sequence, structure and function of protein. Disorder regions and surface properties, protein binding site was identified to dock specifically to the ligand. This protein was optimized to reach to maximum stability with minimum energy. Molecular dynamics simulation had been performed of target and ligand separately by applying periodic boundary condition, AMBER force field for protein and TRIPOSE force field for ligand. The molecules were energetically minimized by conjugate gradient method. Tripose SYBYL software have been used for molecular dynamic study. The drug discovery program includes finding all chemical compounds having potential to inactive the protein. Optimizing the candidate drugs and performing docking using bioinformatics software Argus Lab, Hex and Molegro.
Research Article
Genetic Diversity Analysis in Turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.) Based on SSR Markers
Ashwani Kumar Singh, Priyanka Nanda, Anupam Singh, Bijendra Singh
Abstract: Turmeric being an economically important crop due to its use in the food, ayurvedic medicine and pharmaceutical industries, attracts the attention in many areas of research work. In the current study, genetic diversity of 10 turmeric genotype was investigated using SSR primers. DNA was extracted from young leaves using modified CTAB method. The banding pattern was analyzed using UPGMA based Jaccard's similarity coefficient. The results revealed that SSR markers showed distinct polymorphism among the genotypes. The dendrogram revealed 2 major distinct clusters, which showed a significant genetic variation ranging between 0.60 and 0.98 among the different genotypes. Based on this study, the larger range of similarity values for related cultivars using SSR provide a tool for the assessment of genetic diversity and relationships. The highest PIC value of 0.98 for the SSR loci was associated with higher level of polymorphism. The findings distinctly identified and characterized 10 genotypes using 10 different SSR markers which can be used in background selections during backcross breeding programs.
Multicentre Study Report
Biotechnology from Health to Wealth & Future Challenges-I
Raghvendra Raman Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Subodh Kumar, Priyanka Mittal
Abstract: Biotechnology is the combination of engineering, science and technology where we could evaluate the application of biological organisms, systems, bioprocesses by various industries to learn about the science of life and the improvement of the value of materials and organisms. Since 20 th Century, when five proteins from genetically engineered cells had been approved as drug by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA), biotechnology grown up a height where we can say the upcoming decade would be of the decade of biotechnology. At the present biotechnology has wider application in the major areas, including health care, crop production, agriculture, nonfood uses of crops and environmental issues. Keeping these facts in our mind we planed this multicentre study. It was started since 2013; A total 43 selected abstract of studies of BTSPARK-14, and BTSPARK-15 were included to evaluate the present status of biotechnology, its implication in various interdisciplinary and translational fields. Studies were categorized in to four subheads first; past evaluation of biotechnology, second, development of newer biotech concepts, third, biotech process development and fourth was discovery development and implication of biotechnology. It is conclude that there is high need of attention to spread biotechnological process and products among common peoples through the biotechnological professional or researchers.
Research Article
Evaluation of Performance of different display systems used in Nuclear Medicine Imaging
Lalit Mohan Aggarwal, Subhash Chand Kheruka, and Sanjay Gambhir
Abstract: Display is a key component of medical imaging systems as it serves as the final element of the imaging chain. A proper understanding of the display system of an imaging unit is very essential in order to fully utilize its diagnostic capability. Observer's visual response to the display plays a vital role in the final outcome of the imaging procedure. In this study we made an attempt to evaluate the performance of various different display systems used in the nuclear medicine imaging. The method of constant stimuli was used for measuring the response of observers. The concentration ratios have been determined for i) Display records on transparent film ii) Display records on computer screen (chromatic) iii) Photographic color display records. A background intensity that is commonly encountered in routine imaging was used for the study. A cylindrical phantom, 25 cm in diameter and 21 cm in height, was filled with Tc99m and sufficient time was allowed for the uniform distribution of the tracer in the phantom. The study was carried out with three spherical targets of varying diameters i.e. 0.75 cm, 1.0 cm and 2.0 cm filled with Tc99m. A series of 60 display records were produced. Ten of the display records did not have any target in them. The visual response to these different display records was elicited from a group of five observers each viewing the 60 scans on five different days. It could be seen that the concentration ratio increases as the size of the target is decreased, as reported. Transparent film detected, at lower concentration ratio 4 for a 0.75-cm target as against 4.7 for digitizing computer image and 6 for photographic color image. Even in the case of 1 cm and 2cm targets, the concentration ratio required for detection was lower in photographic film as compared to color digitizing computer screen and color photographic image. It has been brought out that large abnormalities were detected at lower concentration ratios than the small abnormalities. Of the three types of display systems compared, the photographic transparent film is superior in the detection of abnormalities as compared to digitizing color computer screen and color photographic record.